Harriet Lane served as First Lady during the presidency of her uncle James Buchanan, the 15th President of the United States. She served in the role from 1857-1861.
Early Life
Harriet Lane was born on May 9, 1830 in Mercersburg, Pennsylvania. After both her parents died, her uncle, James Buchanan, then a U.S. Senator, became her legal guardian. Buchanan enrolled Harriet and her sister in prestigious boarding schools, and they enjoyed a privileged upbringing.
Harriet attended Georgetown Visitation Convent and Preparatory School while her uncle served as Secretary of State under President James Polk. She attended many balls and other society events, and became well-known in Washington, D.C.’s social circles. She later accompanied Buchanan to London when he was appointed role of Minister to Great Britain. Queen Victoria, with whom Harriet attended diplomatic events and operas, gave “dear Miss Lane” the rank of ambassador’s wife.
Role of First Lady
When James Buchanan became President in 1857, Harriet was a natural choice to serve as First Lady. She also stood in stark contrast to her predecessor, Jane Pierce, who spent her time as First Lady mourning the death of her son.
Known for her beauty and charming personality, Harriet was a successful hostess. She also became a “celebrity” in the eyes of the nation, with women copying her hairstyle and clothing. In 1857, the New York Times wrote, “I suppose I may be permitted to suggest that Miss Lane occupies a position in the palatial residence of her eminent relative similar to that which Queen Victoria and the Empress Eugenie occupy at Buckingham Palace and the Tuileries.”
As tensions rose in the country, Harriet also helped Buchanan navigate the increasingly challenging political climate. During official events, she ensured that political rivals remained apart and helped her uncle maintain diplomacy. When President Buchanan’s term ended, they both left Washington, D.C. and returned to a more peaceful life in Pennsylvania.
Later Life
At the age of 36, Harriet married Henry Elliott Johnston, a Baltimore banker. The couple went on to have two sons. Unfortunately, her uncle, her husband, and her sons would all die in the next 18 years. Following the loss of her family, Harriet returned to Washington, D.C., where she still had many friends.
Harriet Lane died on July 3, 1903, at the age of 73. Upon her death, she donated her sizable art collection to the federal government, earning the unofficial title of “First Lady of the National Collection of Fine Arts.” She also directed a large portion of her estate to be used to establish a home for invalid children at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, which grew to become a nationally-recognized pediatric facility.
