Constitutional Law Reporter - Donald Scarinci

Chief Justices

Earl Warren

Earl Warren lived between 1891 and 1974, and was a pro...

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Charles Evans Hughes

Charles Evans Hughes lived from 1862 to 1948, serving ...

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Melville Weston Fuller

Melville Weston Fuller lived between 1833 and 1910, and s...

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Salmon P. Chase

Salmon Portland Chase (1864-1873) held several politic...

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John Roberts

John Roberts was born in 1955 and is currently serving...

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William Rehnquist

William Rehnquist lived between 1924 and 2005, and ser...

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Warren E. Burger

Warren Burger lived between 1907 and 1995. During his ...

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Frederick Moore Vinson

Frederick Moore Vinson lived between 1890 and 1953, an...

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Harlan Fiske Stone

Harlan Fiske Stone lived between 1872 and 1946. Stone ...

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William Howard Taft

William Howard Taft lived between 1857 and 1930, and was ...

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Edward Douglass White, Jr.

Edward Douglass White lived between 1844 and 1921, and...

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Morrison Remick Waite

Morrison Remick Waite lived between 1816 and 1888, and...

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Supreme Court Justices

Ketanji Brown Jackson

Ketanji Brown Jackson has been confirmed to serve as an...

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Amy Coney Barrett

By Rachel Malehorn - Direct link, smugmug.com, CC BY 3.0,...

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Brett M. Kavanaugh

Brett M. Kavanaugh currently serves as an Associate...

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Neil Gorsuch

Neil Gorsuch currently serves as an Associate Justice on ...

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Elena Kagan

Elena Kagan currently serves as an Associate Justice o...

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Sonia Sotomayor

Sonia Sotomayor currently serves as an Associate Justi...

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Samuel Alito

Samuel Alito currently serves as an Associate Justice ...

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Clarence Thomas

Clarence Thomas currently serves as an Associate Justi...

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Anthony Kennedy

Anthony Kennedy is currently serving as an Associate J...

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John Roberts

John Roberts was born in 1955 and is currently serving...

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US Constitution Timeline

1788

Having been ratified by nine of the thirteen states, the Constitution is officially established.: 1788.06.21

The first quadrennial presidential election under the new Constitution is held.: 1788.12.15

1789

1st United States Congress convenes: 1789.03.04

House of Representatives reconvenes: 1789.04.01

Electoral votes counted: 1789.04.06

Senate reconvenes: 1789.04.06

John Adams assumes vice presidential duties: 1789.04.21

Inauguration Day: 1789.04.30

First Inauguration of George Washington: 1789.04.30

Constitutional Amendments Proposed By Congress: 1789.09.25

1st Amendment submitted for ratification: 1789.09.25

2nd Amendment submitted for ratification: 1789.09.25

3rd Amendment submitted for ratification: 1789.09.25

4th Amendment submitted for ratification: 1789.09.25

5th Amendment submitted for ratification: 1789.09.25

6th Amendment submitted for ratification: 1789.09.25

7th Amendment submitted for ratification: 1789.09.25

8th Amendment submitted for ratification: 1789.09.25

9th Amendment submitted for ratification: 1789.09.25

10th Amendment submitted for ratification: 1789.09.25

Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay confirmed by the Senate: 1789.09.26

Supreme Court Justice John Rutledge confirmed by the Senate: 1789.09.26

Supreme Court Justice William Cushing confirmed by the Senate: 1789.09.26

Supreme Court Justice James Wilson confirmed by the Senate: 1789.09.26

Supreme Court Justice John Blair, Jr. confirmed by the Senate: 1789.09.26

1790

Supreme Court convenes: 1790.02.02

Supreme Court Justice James Iredell confirmed by the Senate: 1790.02.10

1791

Supreme Court Justice Thomas Johnson confirmed by the Senate: 1791.11.07

Ratification of 1st Amendment completed: 1791.12.15

Ratification of 2nd Amendment completed: 1791.12.15

Ratification of 3rd Amendment completed: 1791.12.15

Ratification of 4th Amendment completed: 1791.12.15

Ratification of 5th Amendment completed: 1791.12.15

Ratification of 6th Amendment completed: 1791.12.15

Ratification of 7th Amendment completed: 1791.12.15

Ratification of 8th Amendment completed: 1791.12.15

Ratification of 9th Amendment completed: 1791.12.15

Ratification of 10th Amendment completed: 1791.12.15

1793

Second Inauguration of George Washington: 1793.03.04

Supreme Court Justice William Paterson confirmed by the Senate: 1793.03.04

1794

11th Amendment submitted for ratification: 1794.03.04

1795

Ratification of 11th Amendment completed: 1795.02.07

1796

Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase confirmed by the Senate: 1796.01.27

Supreme Court Chief Justice Oliver Ellsworth confirmed by the Senate: 1796.03.04

1797

Inauguration of John Adams: 1797.03.04

1798

Supreme Court Justice Bushrod Washington confirmed by the Senate: 1798.12.20

1799

Supreme Court Justice Alfred Moore confirmed by the Senate: 1799.12.10

1801

Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall confirmed by the Senate: 1801.01.27

First Inauguration of Thomas Jefferson: 1801.03.04

1803

12th Amendment submitted for ratification: 1803.12.09

1804

Supreme Court Justice William Johnson confirmed by the Senate: 1804.03.24

Ratification of 12th Amendment completed: 1804.06.15

1805

Second Inauguration of Thomas Jefferson: 1805.03.04

1806

Supreme Court Justice Henry B. Livingston confirmed by the Senate: 1806.12.17

1807

Supreme Court Justice Thomas Todd confirmed by the Senate: 1807.03.02

1809

First Inauguration of James Madison: 1809.03.04

1811

Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story confirmed by the Senate: 1811.11.18

Supreme Court Justice Gabriel Duvall confirmed by the Senate: 1811.11.18

1813

Second Inauguration of James Madison: 1813.03.04

1817

First Inauguration of James Monroe: 1817.03.04

1821

Second Inauguration of James Monroe: 1821.03.05

1823

Supreme Court Justice Smith Thompson confirmed by the Senate: 1823.12.09

1825

Inauguration of John Quincy Adams: 1825.03.04

1826

Supreme Court Justice Robert Trimble confirmed by the Senate: 1826.05.09

1829

First Inauguration of Andrew Jackson: 1829.03.04

Supreme Court Justice John McLean confirmed by the Senate: 1829.03.07

1830

Supreme Court Justice Henry Baldwin confirmed by the Senate: 1830.01.06

1833

Second Inauguration of Andrew Jackson: 1833.03.04

1835

Supreme Court Justice James Moore Wayne confirmed by the Senate: 1835.01.09

1836

Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney confirmed by the Senate: 1836.03.15

Supreme Court Justice Philip P. Barbour confirmed by the Senate: 1836.03.15

1837

Inauguration of Martin Van Buren: 1837.03.04

Supreme Court Justice John Catron confirmed by the Senate: 1837.03.08

Supreme Court Justice John McKinley confirmed by the Senate: 1837.09.25

1841

Supreme Court Justice Peter Vivian Daniel confirmed by the Senate: 1841.03.02

Inauguration of William Henry Harrison: 1841.03.04

Inauguration of John Tyler: 1841.04.06

1845

Supreme Court Justice Samuel Nelson confirmed by the Senate: 1845.02.14

Inauguration of James Knox Polk: 1845.03.04

1846

Supreme Court Justice Levi Woodbury confirmed by the Senate: 1846.01.31

Supreme Court Justice Robert Cooper Grier confirmed by the Senate: 1846.08.04

1849

Inauguration of Zachary Taylor: 1849.03.05

1850

Inauguration of Milliard Fillmore: 1850.07.10

1851

Supreme Court Justice Benjamin R. Curtis confirmed by the Senate: 1851.12.20

1853

Inauguration of Franklin Pierce: 1853.03.04

Supreme Court Justice John A. Campbell confirmed by the Senate: 1853.03.22

1857

Inauguration of James Buchanan: 1857.03.04

1858

Supreme Court Justice Nathan Clifford confirmed by the Senate: 1858.01.12

1861

First Inauguration of Abraham Lincoln: 1861.03.04

1862

Supreme Court Justice Noah Haynes Swayne confirmed by the Senate: 1862.01.24

Supreme Court Justice Samuel Freeman Miller confirmed by the Senate: 1862.07.16

Supreme Court Justice David Davis confirmed by Senate: 1862.12.08

1863

Supreme Court Justice Stephen Johnson Field confirmed by the Senate: 1863.03.10

1864

Supreme Court Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase confirmed by the Senate: 1864.12.06

1865

13th Amendment submitted for ratification: 1865.01.31

Second Inauguration of Abraham Lincoln: 1865.03.04

Inauguration of Andrew Johnson: 1865.04.15

Ratification of 13th Amendment completed: 1865.12.06

1866

14th Amendment submitted for ratification: 1866.06.13

Ratification of 14th Amendment completed: 1866.07.09

1869

15th Amendment submitted for ratification: 1869.02.26

First Inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant: 1869.03.04

Supreme Court Justice Edwin M. Stanton confirmed by Senate: 1869.12.20

1870

Ratification of 15th Amendment completed: 1870.02.03

Supreme Court Justice William Strong confirmed by the Senate: 1870.02.18

Supreme Court Justice Joseph P. Bradley confirmed by the Senate: 1870.03.21

1872

Supreme Court Justice Ward Hunt confirmed by the Senate: 1872.12.11

1873

Second Inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant: 1873.03.04

1874

Supreme Court Chief Justice Morrison Waite confirmed by the Senate: 1874.01.21

1877

Inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes: 1877.03.05

Supreme Court Justice John Marshall Harlan confirmed by the Senate: 1877.11.29

1880

Supreme Court Justice William Burnham Woods confirmed by the Senate: 1880.12.21

1881

Inauguration of James A. Garfield: 1881.03.04

Supreme Court Justice Stanley Matthews confirmed by the Senate: 1881.05.12

Inauguration of Chester Arthur: 1881.09.20

Supreme Court Justice Horace Gray confirmed by the Senate: 1881.12.20

1882

Supreme Court Justice Samuel Blatchford confirmed by the Senate: 1882.03.22

1885

First Inauguration of Grover Cleveland: 1885.03.04

1888

Supreme Court Justice Lucius Q.C. Lamar confirmed by Senate: 1888.01.16

Supreme Court Justice Melville Fuller confirmed by Senate: 1888.07.20

1889

Inauguration of Benjamin Harrison: 1889.03.04

Supreme Court Justice David Josian Brewer confirmed by Senate: 1889.12.18

1890

Supreme Court Justice Henry Billings Brown confirmed by Senate: 1890.12.29

1892

Supreme Court Justice George Shiras Jr. confirmed by Senate: 1892.07.26

1893

Supreme Court Justice Howell E. Jackson confirmed by Senate: 1893.02.18

Second Inauguration of Grover Cleveland: 1893.03.04

1894

Supreme Court Justice Edward D. White confirmed by Senate: 1894.02.19

1895

Supreme Court Justice Rufus W. Peckham confirmed by Senate: 1895.12.09

1897

First Inauguration of William McKinley: 1897.03.04

1898

Supreme Court Justice Joseph McKenna confirmed by Senate: 1898.01.21
confirmed by Senate

1901

Second Inauguration of William McKinley: 1901.03.04

First Inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt: 1901.09.14

1902

Supreme Court Justice Oliver W. Holmes Jr. confirmed by Senate: 1902.12.04

1903

Supreme Court Justice William R. Day confirmed by Senate: 1903.02.23

1905

Second Inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt: 1905.03.04

1906

Supreme Court Justice William Henry Moody confirmed by Senate: 1906.12.12

1909

Inauguration of William Howard Taft: 1909.03.04

16th Amendment submitted for ratification: 1909.07.12

Supreme Court Justice Horace Harmon Lurton confirmed by Senate: 1909.12.20

1910

Supreme Court Justice Charles Evans Hughes confirmed by Senate: 1910.05.02

Supreme Court Chief Justice Edward D. White confirmed by Senate: 1910.12.12

Supreme Court Justice Willis Van Devanter confirmed by Senate: 1910.12.15

Supreme Court Justice Joseph Rucker Lamar confirmed by Senate: 1910.12.15

1912

Supreme Court Justice Mahlon Pitney confirmed by Senate: 1912.03.13

17th Amendment submitted for ratification: 1912.05.13

1913

Ratification of 16th Amendment completed: 1913.02.03

First Inauguration of Woodrow Wilson: 1913.03.04

Ratification of 17th Amendment completed: 1913.04.08

1914

Supreme Court Justice James C. McReynolds confirmed by Senate: 1914.08.29

1916

Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis confirmed by Senate: 1916.06.01

Supreme Court Justice John Hessin Clarke confirmed by Senate: 1916.07.24

1917

Second Inauguration of Woodrow Wilson: 1917.03.05

18th Amendment submitted for ratification: 1917.12.18

1919

Ratification of 18th Amendment completed: 1919.01.16

19th Amendment submitted for ratification: 1919.06.04

1920

Ratification of 19th Amendment completed: 1920.08.18

1921

Inauguration of Warren G. Harding: 1921.03.04

Supreme Court Chief Justice William Howard Taft confirmed by Senate: 1921.06.30

1922

Supreme Court Justice George Sutherland confirmed by Senate: 1922.09.05

Supreme Court Justice Pierce Butler confirmed by Senate: 1922.12.21

1923

Supreme Court Justice Edward Terry Sanford confirmed by Senate: 1923.01.29

First Inauguration of Calvin Coolidge: 1923.08.03

1925

Supreme Court Justice Harlan F. Stone confirmed by Senate: 1925.02.05

Second Inauguration of Calvin Coolidge: 1925.03.04

1929

Inauguration of Herbert Hoover: 1929.03.04

1930

Supreme Court Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes confirmed by Senate: 1930.02.13

Supreme Court Justice Owen Roberts confirmed by Senate: 1930.05.20

1932

Supreme Court Justice Benjamin N. Cardozo confirmed by Senate: 1932.02.24

20th Amendment submitted for ratification: 1932.03.02

1933

Ratification of 20th Amendment completed: 1933.01.23

21st Amendment submitted for ratification: 1933.02.20

First Inauguration of Franklin Delano Roosevelt: 1933.03.04

Ratification of 21st Amendment completed: 1933.12.05

1937

Second Inauguration of Franklin Delano Roosevelt: 1937.01.20

Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black confirmed by Senate: 1937.08.17

1938

Supreme Court Justice Stanley Forman Reed confirmed by Senate: 1938.01.25

1939

Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter confirmed by Senate: 1939.01.17

Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas confirmed by Senate: 1939.04.04

1940

Supreme Court Justice Frank Murphy confirmed by Senate: 1940.01.16

1941

Third Inauguration of Franklin Delano Roosevelt: 1941.01.20

Supreme Court Justice James F. Byrnes confirmed by Senate: 1941.06.12

Supreme Court Chief Justice Harlan F. Stone confirmed by Senate: 1941.06.27

Supreme Court Justice Robert H. Jackson confirmed by Senate: 1941.07.07

1943

Supreme Court Justice Wiley Blount Rutledge confirmed by Senate: 1943.02.08

1945

Fourth Inauguration of Franklin Delano Roosevelt: 1945.01.20

First Inauguration of Harry S. Truman: 1945.04.12

Supreme Court Justice Harold Hitz Burton confirmed by Senate: 1945.09.19

1946

Supreme Court Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson confirmed by Senate: 1946.06.20

1947

22nd Amendment submitted for ratification: 1947.03.24

1949

Second Inauguration of Harry S. Truman: 1949.01.20

Supreme Court Justice Tom C. Clark confirmed by Senate: 1949.09.18

Supreme Court Justice Sherman Minton confirmed by Senate: 1949.10.04

1951

Ratification of 22nd Amendment completed: 1951.02.27

1953

First Inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower: 1953.01.20

1954

Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren confirmed by Senate: 1954.03.01

1955

Supreme Court Justice John Marshall Harlan II confirmed by Senate: 1955.03.16

1957

Second Inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower: 1957.01.21

Supreme Court Justice William J. Brennan Jr. confirmed by Senate: 1957.03.19

Supreme Court Justice Charles Evans Whittaker confirmed by Senate: 1957.03.19

1959

Supreme Court Justice Potter Stewart confirmed by Senate: 1959.05.05

1960

23rd Amendment submitted for ratification: 1960.06.16

1961

Inauguration of John F. Kennedy: 1961.01.20

Ratification of 23rd Amendment completed: 1961.03.29

1962

Supreme Court Justice Byron White confirmed by Senate: 1962.04.11

24th Amendment submitted for ratification: 1962.09.14

Supreme Court Justice Arthur Goldberg confirmed by Senate: 1962.09.25

1963

First Inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson: 1963.11.22

1964

Ratification of 24th Amendment completed: 1964.01.23

1965

Second Inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson: 1965.01.20

25th Amendment submitted for ratification: 1965.07.06

Supreme Court Justice Abe Fortas confirmed by Senate: 1965.08.11

Supreme Court Justice Abe Fortas confirmed by Senate: 1965.11.08

1967

Ratification of 25th Amendment completed: 1967.02.10

Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall confirmed by Senate: 1967.08.30

1969

First Inauguration of Richard M. Nixon: 1969.01.20

Supreme Court Chief Justice Warren E. Burger confirmed by Senate: 1969.06.09

1970

Supreme Court Justice Harry Blackmun confirmed by Senate: 1970.05.12

1971

26th Amendment submitted for ratification: 1971.03.23

Ratification of 26th Amendment completed: 1971.07.01

Supreme Court Justice Lewis F. Powell Jr. confirmed by Senate: 1971.12.06

Supreme Court Chief Justice William Rehnquist confirmed by Senate: 1971.12.10

1973

Second Inauguration of Richard M. Nixon: 1973.01.20

1974

Inauguration of Gerald R. Ford: 1974.08.09

1975

Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens confirmed by Senate: 1975.12.17

1977

Inauguration of Jimmy Carter: 1977.01.20

1981

First Inauguration of Ronald Reagan: 1981.01.20

Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor confirmed by Senate: 1981.09.21

1985

Second Inauguration of Ronald Reagan: 1985.01.21

1986

Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia confirmed by Senate: 1986.09.17

1988

Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy confirmed by Senate: 1988.02.03

1989

Inauguration of George Bush: 1989.01.20

1990

Supreme Court Justice David Souter confirmed by Senate: 1990.10.02

1991

Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas confirmed by Senate: 1991.10.15

1992

Ratification of 27th Amendment completed: 1992.05.05

1993

First Inauguration of William J. Clinton: 1993.01.20

Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg confirmed by Senate: 1993.08.03

1994

Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer confirmed by Senate: 1994.07.29

1997

Second Inauguration of William J. Clinton: 1997.01.20

2001

First Inauguration of George W. Bush: 2001.01.20

2005

Second Inauguration of George W. Bush: 2005.01.20

Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts confirmed by Senate: 2005.09.29

2006

Supreme Court Justice Samuel Alito confirmed by Senate: 2006.01.31

2009

First Inauguration of Barrack Obama: 2009.01.20

Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor confirmed by Senate: 2009.08.06

2010

Supreme Court Justice Elena Kagan confirmed by Senate: 2010.08.05

2013

Second Inauguration of Barrack Obama: 2013.01.21

2017

Inauguration of Donald Trump: 2017.01.20

Landmark Decisions of the United States Supreme Court

Right-click or option-click the case name and choose “Save As…” to download. Click a topic to navigate through the Constitution.

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Education & History

General Information

Student Resources

Blog Business Law is an educational resource for Business Law students on the university level.

Amendment1
- Establishment ClauseFree Exercise Clause
- Freedom of Speech
- Freedoms of Press
- Freedom of Assembly, and Petitition
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Amendment2
- The Right to Bear Arms
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Amendment4
- Unreasonable Searches and Seizures
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Amendment5
- Due Process
- Eminent Domain
- Rights of Criminal Defendants
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Preamble to the Bill of Rights

Congress of the United States begun and held at the City of New-York, on Wednesday the fourth of March, one thousand seven hundred and eighty nine.

THE Conventions of a number of the States, having at the time of their adopting the Constitution, expressed a desire, in order to prevent misconstruction or abuse of its powers, that further declaratory and restrictive clauses should be added: And as extending the ground of public confidence in the Government, will best ensure the beneficent ends of its institution.

Caleb Strong

Early Life and Career Caleb Strong was born on...