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March 6, 2023 | U.S. Supreme Court Takes on Big Tech

Supreme Court Holds Debts Incurred by Fraud Are Ineligible for Bankruptcy Relief

In Bartenwerfer v. Buckley, 598 U.S. ____ (2023), the U.S. Supreme Court held that debts incurred by fraud can’t be discharged in a Chapter 7 bankr...
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Chief Justices

Neil Gorsuch

Neil Gorsuch currently serves as an Associate Justice on ...
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Earl Warren

Earl Warren lived between 1891 and 1974, and was a pro...
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Charles Evans Hughes

Charles Evans Hughes lived from 1862 to 1948, serving ...
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Melville Weston Fuller

Melville Weston Fuller lived between 1833 and 1910, and s...
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Salmon P. Chase

Salmon Portland Chase (1864-1873) held several politic...
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John Roberts

John Roberts was born in 1955 and is currently serving...
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William Rehnquist

William Rehnquist lived between 1924 and 2005, and ser...
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Warren E. Burger

Warren Burger lived between 1907 and 1995. During his ...
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Frederick Moore Vinson

Frederick Moore Vinson lived between 1890 and 1953, an...
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Harlan Fiske Stone

Harlan Fiske Stone lived between 1872 and 1946. Stone ...
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William Howard Taft

William Howard Taft lived between 1857 and 1930, and was ...
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Edward Douglass White, Jr.

Edward Douglass White lived between 1844 and 1921, and...
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Morrison Remick Waite

Morrison Remick Waite lived between 1816 and 1888, and...
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Supreme Court Justices

Amy Coney Barrett

By Rachel Malehorn - Direct link, smugmug.com, CC BY 3.0,...
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Brett M. Kavanaugh

    Brett M. Kavanaugh currently serves as an Associate...
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Elena Kagan

Elena Kagan currently serves as an Associate Justice o...
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Sonia Sotomayor

Sonia Sotomayor currently serves as an Associate Justi...
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Samuel Alito

Samuel Alito currently serves as an Associate Justice ...
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Stephen Breyer

Stephen Breyer currently serves as an Associate Justic...
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Clarence Thomas

Clarence Thomas currently serves as an Associate Justi...
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Anthony Kennedy

Anthony Kennedy is currently serving as an Associate J...
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John Roberts

John Roberts was born in 1955 and is currently serving...
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US Constitution Timeline

1788

Having been ratified by nine of the
thirteen states, the
Constitution is officially established.
1788.06.21
The first quadrennial presidential election
under the new Constitution is held.
1788.12.15

1789

1st United States Congress convenes
1789.03.04
House of Representatives reconvenes
1789.04.01
Electoral votes counted
1789.04.06
Senate reconvenes
1789.04.06
John Adams assumes vice presidential duties
1789.04.21
Inauguration Day
1789.04.30
First Inauguration of George Washington
1789.04.30
Constitutional Amendments Proposed
By Congress
1789.09.25
1st Amendment submitted for ratification
1789.09.25
2nd Amendment submitted for ratification
1789.09.25
3rd Amendment submitted for ratification
1789.09.25
4th Amendment submitted for ratification
1789.09.25
5th Amendment submitted for ratification
1789.09.25
6th Amendment submitted for ratification
1789.09.25
7th Amendment submitted for ratification
1789.09.25
8th Amendment submitted for ratification
1789.09.25
9th Amendment submitted for ratification
1789.09.25
10th Amendment submitted for ratification
1789.09.25
Supreme Court Chief Justice John Jay confirmed by the Senate
1789.09.26
Supreme Court Justice John Rutledge confirmed by the Senate
1789.09.26
Supreme Court Justice William Cushing confirmed by the Senate
1789.09.26
Supreme Court Justice James Wilson confirmed by the Senate
1789.09.26
Supreme Court Justice John Blair, Jr. confirmed by the Senate
1789.09.26

1790

Supreme Court convenes
1790.02.02
Supreme Court Justice James Iredell confirmed by the Senate
1790.02.10

1791

Supreme Court Justice Thomas Johnson confirmed by the Senate
1791.11.07
Ratification of 1st Amendment completed
1791.12.15
Ratification of 2nd Amendment completed
1791.12.15
Ratification of 3rd Amendment completed
1791.12.15
Ratification of 4th Amendment completed
1791.12.15
Ratification of 5th Amendment completed
1791.12.15
Ratification of 6th Amendment completed
1791.12.15
Ratification of 7th Amendment completed
1791.12.15
Ratification of 8th Amendment completed
1791.12.15
Ratification of 9th Amendment completed
1791.12.15
Ratification of 10th Amendment completed
1791.12.15

1793

Second Inauguration of George Washington
1793.03.04
Supreme Court Justice William Paterson confirmed by the Senate
1793.03.04

1794

11th Amendment submitted for ratification
1794.03.04

1795

Ratification of 11th Amendment completed
1795.02.07

1796

Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase confirmed by the Senate
1796.01.27
Supreme Court Chief Justice Oliver Ellsworth confirmed by the Senate
1796.03.04

1797

Inauguration of John Adams
1797.03.04

1798

Supreme Court Justice Bushrod Washington confirmed by the Senate
1798.12.20

1799

Supreme Court Justice Alfred Moore confirmed by the Senate
1799.12.10

1801

Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall confirmed by the Senate
1801.01.27
First Inauguration of Thomas Jefferson
1801.03.04

1803

12th Amendment submitted for ratification
1803.12.09

1804

Supreme Court Justice William Johnson confirmed by the Senate
1804.03.24
Ratification of 12th Amendment completed
1804.06.15

1805

Second Inauguration of Thomas Jefferson
1805.03.04

1806

Supreme Court Justice Henry B. Livingston confirmed by the Senate
1806.12.17

1807

Supreme Court Justice Thomas Todd confirmed by the Senate
1807.03.02

1809

First Inauguration of James Madison
1809.03.04

1811

Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story confirmed by the Senate
1811.11.18
Supreme Court Justice Gabriel Duvall confirmed by the Senate
1811.11.18

1813

Second Inauguration of James Madison
1813.03.04

1817

First Inauguration of James Monroe
1817.03.04

1821

Second Inauguration of James Monroe
1821.03.05

1823

Supreme Court Justice Smith Thompson confirmed by the Senate
1823.12.09

1825

Inauguration of John Quincy Adams
1825.03.04

1826

Supreme Court Justice Robert Trimble confirmed by the Senate
1826.05.09

1829

First Inauguration of Andrew Jackson
1829.03.04
Supreme Court Justice John McLean confirmed by the Senate
1829.03.07

1830

Supreme Court Justice Henry Baldwin confirmed by the Senate
1830.01.06

1833

Second Inauguration of Andrew Jackson
1833.03.04

1835

Supreme Court Justice James Moore Wayne confirmed by the Senate
1835.01.09

1836

Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney confirmed by the Senate
1836.03.15
Supreme Court Justice Philip P. Barbour confirmed by the Senate
1836.03.15

1837

Inauguration of Martin Van Buren
1837.03.04
Supreme Court Justice John Catron confirmed by the Senate
1837.03.08
Supreme Court Justice John McKinley confirmed by the Senate
1837.09.25

1841

Supreme Court Justice Peter Vivian Daniel confirmed by the Senate
1841.03.02
Inauguration of William Henry Harrison
1841.03.04
Inauguration of John Tyler
1841.04.06

1845

Supreme Court Justice Samuel Nelson confirmed by the Senate
1845.02.14
Inauguration of James Knox Polk
1845.03.04

1846

Supreme Court Justice Levi Woodbury confirmed by the Senate
1846.01.31
Supreme Court Justice Robert Cooper Grier confirmed by the Senate
1846.08.04

1849

Inauguration of Zachary Taylor
1849.03.05

1850

Inauguration of Milliard Fillmore
1850.07.10

1851

Supreme Court Justice Benjamin R. Curtis confirmed by the Senate
1851.12.20

1853

Inauguration of Franklin Pierce
1853.03.04
Supreme Court Justice John A. Campbell confirmed by the Senate
1853.03.22

1857

Inauguration of James Buchanan
1857.03.04

1858

Supreme Court Justice Nathan Clifford confirmed by the Senate
1858.01.12

1861

First Inauguration of Abraham Lincoln
1861.03.04

1862

Supreme Court Justice Noah Haynes Swayne confirmed by the Senate
1862.01.24
Supreme Court Justice Samuel Freeman Miller confirmed by the Senate
1862.07.16
Supreme Court Justice David Davis confirmed by Senate
1862.12.08

1863

Supreme Court Justice Stephen Johnson Field confirmed by the Senate
1863.03.10

1864

Supreme Court Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase confirmed by the Senate
1864.12.06

1865

13th Amendment submitted for ratification
1865.01.31
Second Inauguration of Abraham Lincoln
1865.03.04
Inauguration of Andrew Johnson
1865.04.15
Ratification of 13th Amendment completed
1865.12.06

1866

14th Amendment submitted for ratification
1866.06.13
Ratification of 14th Amendment completed
1866.07.09

1869

15th Amendment submitted for ratification
1869.02.26
First Inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant
1869.03.04
Supreme Court Justice Edwin M. Stanton confirmed by Senate
1869.12.20

1870

Ratification of 15th Amendment completed
1870.02.03
Supreme Court Justice William Strong confirmed by the Senate
1870.02.18
Supreme Court Justice Joseph P. Bradley confirmed by the Senate
1870.03.21

1872

Supreme Court Justice Ward Hunt confirmed by the Senate
1872.12.11

1873

Second Inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant
1873.03.04

1874

Supreme Court Chief Justice Morrison Waite confirmed by the Senate
1874.01.21

1877

Inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes
1877.03.05
Supreme Court Justice John Marshall Harlan confirmed by the Senate
1877.11.29

1880

Supreme Court Justice William Burnham Woods confirmed by the Senate
1880.12.21

1881

Inauguration of James A. Garfield
1881.03.04
Supreme Court Justice Stanley Matthews confirmed by the Senate
1881.05.12
Inauguration of Chester Arthur
1881.09.20
Supreme Court Justice Horace Gray confirmed by the Senate
1881.12.20

1882

Supreme Court Justice Samuel Blatchford confirmed by the Senate
1882.03.22

1885

First Inauguration of Grover Cleveland
1885.03.04

1888

Supreme Court Justice Lucius Q.C. Lamar confirmed by Senate
1888.01.16
Supreme Court Justice Melville Fuller confirmed by Senate
1888.07.20

1889

Inauguration of Benjamin Harrison
1889.03.04
Supreme Court Justice David Josian Brewer confirmed by Senate
1889.12.18

1890

Supreme Court Justice Henry Billings Brown confirmed by Senate
1890.12.29

1892

Supreme Court Justice George Shiras Jr. confirmed by Senate
1892.07.26

1893

Supreme Court Justice Howell E. Jackson confirmed by Senate
1893.02.18
Second Inauguration of Grover Cleveland
1893.03.04

1894

Supreme Court Justice Edward D. White confirmed by Senate
1894.02.19

1895

Supreme Court Justice Rufus W. Peckham confirmed by Senate
1895.12.09

1897

First Inauguration of William McKinley
1897.03.04

1898

Supreme Court Justice Joseph McKenna confirmed by Senate
1898.01.21
confirmed by Senate

1901

Second Inauguration of William McKinley
1901.03.04
First Inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt
1901.09.14

1902

Supreme Court Justice Oliver W. Holmes Jr. confirmed by Senate
1902.12.04

1903

Supreme Court Justice William R. Day confirmed by Senate
1903.02.23

1905

Second Inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt
1905.03.04

1906

Supreme Court Justice William Henry Moody confirmed by Senate
1906.12.12

1909

Inauguration of William Howard Taft
1909.03.04
16th Amendment submitted for ratification
1909.07.12
Supreme Court Justice Horace Harmon Lurton confirmed by Senate
1909.12.20

1910

Supreme Court Justice Charles Evans Hughes confirmed by Senate
1910.05.02
Supreme Court Chief Justice Edward D. White confirmed by Senate
1910.12.12
Supreme Court Justice Willis Van Devanter confirmed by Senate
1910.12.15
Supreme Court Justice Joseph Rucker Lamar confirmed by Senate
1910.12.15

1912

Supreme Court Justice Mahlon Pitney confirmed by Senate
1912.03.13
17th Amendment submitted for ratification
1912.05.13

1913

Ratification of 16th Amendment completed
1913.02.03
First Inauguration of Woodrow Wilson
1913.03.04
Ratification of 17th Amendment completed
1913.04.08

1914

Supreme Court Justice James C. McReynolds confirmed by Senate
1914.08.29

1916

Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis confirmed by Senate
1916.06.01
Supreme Court Justice John Hessin Clarke confirmed by Senate
1916.07.24

1917

Second Inauguration of Woodrow Wilson
1917.03.05
18th Amendment submitted for ratification
1917.12.18

1919

Ratification of 18th Amendment completed
1919.01.16
19th Amendment submitted for ratification
1919.06.04

1920

Ratification of 19th Amendment completed
1920.08.18

1921

Inauguration of Warren G. Harding
1921.03.04
Supreme Court Chief Justice William Howard Taft confirmed by Senate
1921.06.30

1922

Supreme Court Justice George Sutherland confirmed by Senate
1922.09.05
Supreme Court Justice Pierce Butler confirmed by Senate
1922.12.21

1923

Supreme Court Justice Edward Terry Sanford confirmed by Senate
1923.01.29
First Inauguration of Calvin Coolidge
1923.08.03

1925

Supreme Court Justice Harlan F. Stone confirmed by Senate
1925.02.05
Second Inauguration of Calvin Coolidge
1925.03.04

1929

Inauguration of Herbert Hoover
1929.03.04

1930

Supreme Court Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes confirmed by Senate
1930.02.13
Supreme Court Justice Owen Roberts confirmed by Senate
1930.05.20

1932

Supreme Court Justice Benjamin N. Cardozo confirmed by Senate
1932.02.24
20th Amendment submitted for ratification
1932.03.02

1933

Ratification of 20th Amendment completed
1933.01.23
21st Amendment submitted for ratification
1933.02.20
First Inauguration of Franklin Delano Roosevelt
1933.03.04
Ratification of 21st Amendment completed
1933.12.05

1937

Second Inauguration of Franklin Delano Roosevelt
1937.01.20
Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black confirmed by Senate
1937.08.17

1938

Supreme Court Justice Stanley Forman Reed confirmed by Senate
1938.01.25

1939

Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter confirmed by Senate
1939.01.17
Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas confirmed by Senate
1939.04.04

1940

Supreme Court Justice Frank Murphy confirmed by Senate
1940.01.16

1941

Third Inauguration of Franklin Delano Roosevelt
1941.01.20
Supreme Court Justice James F. Byrnes confirmed by Senate
1941.06.12
Supreme Court Chief Justice Harlan F. Stone confirmed by Senate
1941.06.27
Supreme Court Justice Robert H. Jackson confirmed by Senate
1941.07.07

1943

Supreme Court Justice Wiley Blount Rutledge confirmed by Senate
1943.02.08

1945

Fourth Inauguration of Franklin Delano Roosevelt
1945.01.20
First Inauguration of Harry S. Truman
1945.04.12
Supreme Court Justice Harold Hitz Burton confirmed by Senate
1945.09.19

1946

Supreme Court Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson confirmed by Senate
1946.06.20

1947

22nd Amendment submitted for ratification
1947.03.24

1949

Second Inauguration of Harry S. Truman
1949.01.20
Supreme Court Justice Tom C. Clark confirmed by Senate
1949.09.18
Supreme Court Justice Sherman Minton confirmed by Senate
1949.10.04

1951

Ratification of 22nd Amendment completed
1951.02.27

1953

First Inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower
1953.01.20

1954

Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren confirmed by Senate
1954.03.01

1955

Supreme Court Justice John Marshall Harlan II confirmed by Senate
1955.03.16

1957

Second Inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower
1957.01.21
Supreme Court Justice William J. Brennan Jr. confirmed by Senate
1957.03.19
Supreme Court Justice Charles Evans Whittaker confirmed by Senate
1957.03.19

1959

Supreme Court Justice Potter Stewart confirmed by Senate
1959.05.05

1960

23rd Amendment submitted for ratification
1960.06.16

1961

Inauguration of John F. Kennedy
1961.01.20
Ratification of 23rd Amendment completed
1961.03.29

1962

Supreme Court Justice Byron White confirmed by Senate
1962.04.11
24th Amendment submitted for ratification
1962.09.14
Supreme Court Justice Arthur Goldberg confirmed by Senate
1962.09.25

1963

First Inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson
1963.11.22

1964

Ratification of 24th Amendment completed
1964.01.23

1965

Second Inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson
1965.01.20
25th Amendment submitted for ratification
1965.07.06
Supreme Court Justice Abe Fortas confirmed by Senate
1965.08.11
Supreme Court Justice Abe Fortas confirmed by Senate
1965.11.08

1967

Ratification of 25th Amendment completed
1967.02.10
Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall confirmed by Senate
1967.08.30

1969

First Inauguration of Richard M. Nixon
1969.01.20
Supreme Court Chief Justice Warren E. Burger confirmed by Senate
1969.06.09

1970

Supreme Court Justice Harry Blackmun confirmed by Senate
1970.05.12

1971

26th Amendment submitted for ratification
1971.03.23
Ratification of 26th Amendment completed
1971.07.01
Supreme Court Justice Lewis F. Powell Jr. confirmed by Senate
1971.12.06
Supreme Court Chief Justice William Rehnquist confirmed by Senate
1971.12.10

1973

Second Inauguration of Richard M. Nixon
1973.01.20

1974

Inauguration of Gerald R. Ford
1974.08.09

1975

Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens confirmed by Senate
1975.12.17

1977

Inauguration of Jimmy Carter
1977.01.20

1981

First Inauguration of Ronald Reagan
1981.01.20
Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor confirmed by Senate
1981.09.21

1985

Second Inauguration of Ronald Reagan
1985.01.21

1986

Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia confirmed by Senate
1986.09.17

1988

Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy confirmed by Senate
1988.02.03

1989

Inauguration of George Bush
1989.01.20

1990

Supreme Court Justice David Souter confirmed by Senate
1990.10.02

1991

Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas confirmed by Senate
1991.10.15

1992

Ratification of 27th Amendment completed
1992.05.05

1993

First Inauguration of William J. Clinton
1993.01.20
Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg confirmed by Senate
1993.08.03

1994

Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer confirmed by Senate
1994.07.29

1997

Second Inauguration of William J. Clinton
1997.01.20

2001

First Inauguration of George W. Bush
2001.01.20

2005

Second Inauguration of George W. Bush
2005.01.20
Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts confirmed by Senate
2005.09.29

2006

Supreme Court Justice Samuel Alito confirmed by Senate
2006.01.31

2009

First Inauguration of Barrack Obama
2009.01.20
Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor confirmed by Senate
2009.08.06

2010

Supreme Court Justice Elena Kagan confirmed by Senate
2010.08.05

2013

Second Inauguration of Barrack Obama
2013.01.21

2017

Inauguration of Donald Trump
2017.01.20

Landmark Decisions of the United States Supreme Court

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All Posts

The Amendments

  • Amendment1
    • Establishment ClauseFree Exercise Clause
    • Freedom of Speech
    • Freedoms of Press
    • Freedom of Assembly, and Petitition
    Read More
  • Amendment2
    • The Right to Bear Arms
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  • Amendment4
    • Unreasonable Searches and Seizures
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  • Amendment5
    • Due Process
    • Eminent Domain
    • Rights of Criminal Defendants
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Preamble to the Bill of Rights

Congress of the United States begun and held at the City of New-York, on Wednesday the fourth of March, one thousand seven hundred and eighty nine.

THE Conventions of a number of the States, having at the time of their adopting the Constitution, expressed a desire, in order to prevent misconstruction or abuse of its powers, that further declaratory and restrictive clauses should be added: And as extending the ground of public confidence in the Government, will best ensure the beneficent ends of its institution.

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American Biographies

Zachary Taylor

Zachary Taylor (1784-1850) served as the 12th pre...

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  • William Howard Taft

    William Howard Taft lived between 1857 and 1930, and was the 27th President of the United States as...

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  • John Dewey

    John Dewey was a psychologist, philosopher, and educator whose ideas were central to the Progressive Movement and helped...

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  • Woodrow Wilson

    Thomas Woodrow Wilson served as the 28th President of the United States from 1913 to 1921. Wilson was...

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  • William Jennings Bryan

    William Jennings Bryan, known as the “Great Commoner,” was one of the great orators of his era. Despite...

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